Vision Rehabilitation Therapist Certification (CVRT) Handbook, Section 3, Vision Rehabilitation Therapy Core Domain Body of Knowledge Areas

1. Knowledge of the Blindness System
1. Demonstrate knowledge of the demographics of blindness and visual impairment.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of the history of the education and rehabilitation services for people with visual impairments.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of the major legislation governing blindness services and disability issues including eligibility criteria for services.
4. Demonstrate knowledge of the philosophy, structure, and governing legislation of independent living programs.
5. Demonstrate knowledge of the structure and funding sources of private, state/province and federal blindness systems.
6. Demonstrate knowledge of the major blindness consumer groups and their primary philosophies.
7. Demonstrate knowledge of advocacy strategies used to promote positive attitudes towards women, ethnic/racial minority groups, and individuals with disabilities and to pursue the goals of inclusion.
8. Identify major publications and information resources relating to services for people with visual impairments.
9. Demonstrate knowledge of vocational rehabilitation practices and regulations, including the Individual Plan for Employment (IPE), and the Individual Program Plan (IPP-Canada).
2. Medical Aspects of Blindness and Low Vision
1. Demonstrate knowledge of the relationship between etiology of visual loss and the effect of that loss upon individual development, behavior and environmental needs, including implications for vision rehabilitation therapist services:
1. Demonstrate knowledge of the anatomy of the human eye.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of diseases and disorders of the human eye.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of functional implications imposed by diseases and disorders of the human eye.
4. Demonstrate knowledge of the range of medical, surgical, and optical remediations for diseases and disorders of the human eye.
5. Demonstrate knowledge of specific medical and physical contraindications for diseases and disorders of the human eye.
2. Demonstrate the ability to complete an assessment to determine whether visual, non-visual or a combination of strategies is appropriate to achieve specific goals of the learner.
3. Select or create and implement a functional vision assessment to identify and quantify the level of current visual functioning.
4. Select or create and implement a sequential instructional program to integrate the use of low vision aids and strategies to specific instructional needs of individuals who are visually impaired including:
1. Fixating, focusing, tracking, and scanning skills, including techniques for eccentric viewing and fixation.
2. Visual perceptual skills.
3. Vision stimulation training and instruction.
4. Instruction in a range of techniques for print reading.
5. Adaptation of environmental variables and materials for personal, educational, and vocational tasks, including lighting, color, and contrast.
6. Instruction with prescribed near, intermediate, and distance non-optical, optical, and electronic low vision devices, in conjunction with instruction in communication skills and activities of daily living.
7. Assessment of natural and artificial lighting.
5. Demonstrate knowledge of appropriate resources and referrals for environmental, media, and instructional interventions used to alleviate or modify the functional effects of specific eye disorders.
3. Professionalism and Practice Methods
1. Demonstrate knowledge of effective case management practices, including methods for data collection and case reporting.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of interdisciplinary teamwork principles and appropriate referral processes.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of legal and civil rights relating to rehabilitation, transition planning and vocational services.
4. Demonstrate knowledge of the historical development, current status, practitioner demographics, and major issues in the field of vision rehabilitation therapy (VRT) (i.e. home teacher, living skills instructor, rehabilitation teacher).
5. Demonstrate knowledge of professional ethics, privacy regulations and practice
standards.
6. Demonstrate knowledge of standards and practices of certification, licensure and accreditation.
7. Demonstrate knowledge of the principles of individualized program planning, including transition, independent living and vocational rehabilitation services and programming.
8. Demonstrate the knowledge, skills and abilities to assess, design and implement an individualized service plan based on client/consumer needs.
9. Demonstrate knowledge of the roles and functions of a private contracting VRT.
10. Demonstrate knowledge of appropriate resources to meet the need for services or adapted materials by and for individuals with visual or multiple impairments.
11. Demonstrate knowledge of methods for securing, instructing and working with volunteers, peers, para-professionals, vendors and private contractors.
12. Demonstrate knowledge of methods for the design and delivery of in-service workshops to consumers, communities, service organizations, etc.
13. Demonstrate the ability to communicate effectively with clients/consumers, peers and other professionals.
14. Demonstrate the ability to evaluate and integrate new and existing technology into vision rehabilitation services.
4. Personal Management
1. Select, design and implement a sequential instructional program to meet the specific independent living needs of learners who are blind or visually impaired including:
1. Incorporation of appropriate methods and materials used for the adaptations/modifications of personal management skills needed for persons who are blind or visually impaired, or who have additional disabilities.
2. Personal hygiene skills and techniques (i.e. shaving, nail care, dental care).
3. Dressing and grooming techniques (i.e. hair care, applying makeup, etc.).
4. Adaptive eating techniques.
5. Adaptive time management techniques (i.e. making appointments, use of adapted timepieces, managing daily calendar).
   
6. Selection, care and maintenance of clothing (i.e. laundering, ironing, mending).
7. Adapted sewing techniques.
8. Socialization skills (i.e. body language, gestures, soliciting aid).
9. Identification, organization and labeling of medications to ensure proper and safe usage.
   
10. General medication management.
11. Adaptive diabetic management (i.e. insulin measurement, medication management, record keeping, related resources).
5. Home Management
1. Select, design and implement a sequential instructional program to meet the specific independent living needs of learners who are blind or visually impaired including:
1. Incorporation of appropriate methods and materials used for the adaptations/modifications of home management skills needed for persons who are blind or visually impaired, or who have additional disabilities.
2. Identification, organization and labeling of kitchen and household items for efficiency and safety.
3. Use of adaptive kitchen and household safety techniques and equipment.
4. Use of adaptive techniques for money identification and management, budgeting and record keeping.
5. Use of adaptive techniques for menu planning, organizing and grocery shopping.
6. Ability tosecure and manage volunteers/employees (i.e. readers, drivers, shoppers).
7. Use of adaptive techniques ofhome mechanics (i.e. hand tools, minor repairs, changing light bulbs/batteries).
8. Use of adaptive techniques of household cleaning (i.e. sweeping, dusting, vacuuming, cleaning bathrooms).
9. Ability to upkeep and maintain home appliances.
10. Use of home systems (i.e. regulating thermostats, use of home security systems, smoke detectors/fire extinguishers).
6. Communication Systems
1. Select, design and implement a sequential instructional program for teaching adaptive reading skills to adult learners who are blind or visually impaired including:
1. Ability to conduct a reading media assessment (i.e. large print, tactile, audio).
2. Demonstrate knowledge of Braille readiness activities.
3. Demonstrate ability to teach Braille reading to individuals who are adventitiously blind or visually impaired.
4. Demonstrate an introductory knowledge of, and hands-on experience with alternative and augmentive communications systems, including, computer screen magnification programs, telecommunication devices for the deaf (TDDs), communication boards, and electronic low vision devices.
5. Demonstrate the ability to integrate prescribed low vision aids into a reading program.
6. Identification of appropriate adaptive resources for instruction in basic reading skills.
2. Select, design and implement a sequential program for teaching adaptive writing skills to adult learners who are blind or visually impaired including:
1. Braille writing with brailler, slate, and stylus.
2. Keyboarding instruction.
3. Typing instruction.
4. Handwriting instruction.
5. Adaptive handwriting guides and devices.
6. Note taking skills.
7. Labeling methods.
8. Drawing and raised line devices and tactile graphics technologies.
9. Identification of appropriate resources for adaptive writing skills/tools.
10. Use of adaptive/electronic notetakers.
3. Select, design, and implement a sequential instructional program for teaching listening and recording skills to adult learners who are blind or visually impaired including:
1. Recording skills, including storageand retrieval of information andmaintenance of equipment.
2. Talking book machine/cassette skills.
3. Cassette tape indexing techniques.
4. Direct recording with patch cords.
5. Electronic listening, reading, and recording resources ( e.g. Optical Character Readers, digital books, daisy formats, etc.).
6. Adaptive telephone devices and techniques.
7. Radio Reading Services and telephone information services.
8. Acquisition and use of sighted readers.
9. Identification of appropriate resources for listening and recording skills.
4. Select, design, and implement a sequential instructional program for teaching measurement calculation skills to adult learners who are blind or visually impaired including:
   1. Adapted calculators and/or abacus.
   2. Measurement devices.
   3. Identification of appropriate resources for measurement and calculation skills.
   4. Software that is appropriate for assisting with mathematic calculations.
7. Braille and Other Tactual Systems
1. Ability to read standard literary Braille.
2. Ability to write standard literary Braille, using both a Perkins Brailler and a slate and stylus.
3. Ability to assess tactual perception of the learner and adapt/modify instructional materials accordingly.
4. Ability to select, design and implement a sequential program for teaching Braille reading to learners who are blind or visually impaired.
5. Ability to select, design and implement a sequential program for teaching Braille writing to learners who are blind or visually impaired.
6. Ability to assess printed materials and adapt them to an appropriate, usable tactile format.
7. Ability to duplicate Braille using appropriate technology, including computer software and hardware.
8. Ability to identify appropriate Braille resources and Braille transcription services.
9. Demonstrate awareness of alternative tactile codes.
10. Ability to select/create and administer diagnostic tests of Braille literacy and reading/writing speed.
8. Adaptive Computer Technology
1. Demonstrate entry level awareness of the various types of computerized assistive technology that is available for persons who are blind or visually impaired (i.e. screen enlargement, voice input/output, alternative keyboards).
2. Demonstrate entry-level skills in the use of adaptive computer hardware and software for word processing, telecommunications, and computer-directed instruction.
3. Demonstrate the ability to assess the needs of the learner to establish which access technology and/or hardware modifications will best meet their goals.
4. Demonstrates the ability to select, design and modify a sequential instructional program incorporating the use of assistive technology based on learner's capabilities and/or limitations.
5. Demonstrate the ability to perform a job analysis of the learner's workplace, taking into consideration ergonomics, modifications and assistive technology needed to perform assigned duties.
6. Demonstrates knowledge of computer access technology manufacturers and distributors including how to contact various companies, use tech support, etc.
7. Demonstrate awareness of AT Training resources for persons who are blind or visually impaired
9. Recreation and Leisure
1. Select, design, and implement a sequential instructional program to meet the specific recreation and leisure needs and interests of learners who are blind or visually impaired, including:
1. Crafts, hobbies and adapted games.
2. Cultural and educational pursuits.
3. Sports and recreational activities.
2. Identification of appropriate resources and referrals for additional recreational and leisure pursuits, including specialized blindness programs (i.e. BOLD, USABA, Blind Golfers Association).
10. Aging and Vision Loss
1. Demonstrate knowledge of the major national demographic trends in aging and vision loss.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of the major physiological, sensory, social, economic, and cognitive/perceptual changes in the aging process.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of the major theoretical and psychosocial aspects of aging.
4. Demonstrate knowledge of the current network of services to older adults, including entitlement programs, health-care service delivery systems, and residential and institutional living arrangements/options.
5. Demonstrate knowledge of the current policies and legislation related to aging and vision loss.
6. Identify appropriate resources and referrals for services to older adults who are blind or visually impaired.
11. Deaf-blindness
1. Demonstrate the ability to utilize basic alternative communication systems for individuals who are deaf-blind.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of appropriate methods and materials for the adaptation of independent living skills for individuals who are deaf-blind.
   
3. Identification of appropriate resources for instruction in other forms of communication used by individuals who are deaf-blind.
   
4. Identify resources for services to persons who are deaf-blind, including persons who are aging with hearing and vision loss.
12. Teaching and Learning Strategies
1. Demonstrate knowledge of contemporary learning theories including those that are appropriate for children and young adults.
2. Demonstrate the ability to utilize the principles of andragogy (adult learning theory), specifically in relation to rehabilitation teaching assessment and teaching processes.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of lifespan human development, specifically in relation to the needs of adult learners.
4. Demonstrate the ability to utilize appropriate interview, listening, and problem-solving skills required during client/consumer interviews, preliminary history taking, and comprehensive rehabilitation assessment to formulate a treatment plan.
5. Demonstrate the ability to design, select and implement appropriate methods and materials for comprehensive vision rehabilitation assessments.
6. Demonstrate the ability to create and modify lesson plans that contain appropriate goals, objectives, and task analysis based on interpretation of assessments.
7. Demonstrate knowledge of vision rehabilitation teaching methodologies utilized in various service delivery systems.
8. Demonstrate knowledge of appropriate instructional strategies for the transfer of independent living skills from the rehabilitation setting to the home and community environments.
9. Identify appropriate resources and referrals to accommodate cultural diversity and socio-cultural differences in learning.
10. Identify appropriate resources and referrals for services to older adults who are blind or visually impaired.
13. Psychosocial Aspects of Blindness and Vision Loss
1. Demonstrate knowledge of factors affecting an individual's adjustment to vision loss, visual impairment, and the rehabilitation process.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of the impact of visual loss and visual impairment on family, friends and significant others, and the application of problem solving strategies.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of the relevant theories of adjustment to loss.
4. Demonstrate knowledge of the key elements necessary for the establishment of an appropriate working relationship with client/consumers.
5. Demonstrate knowledge of appropriate counseling techniques to facilitate adjustment to vision loss.
6. Demonstrate ability to design and implement strategies of self-advocacy.
7. Identify appropriate community resources for counseling services for individuals who are blind or visually impaired, as well as families, friends, and significant others.
14. Individuals Who are Blind or Visually Impaired With Additional Disabilities
1. Demonstrate knowledge of eligibility criteria for the classifications, major legislative issues, and current demographics of disability groups.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of the interactive effects of a range of disabilities upon individuals who are blind or visually impaired, their families, and relevant home/vocational environments.
3. Demonstrate familiarity of alternative mobility devices (i.e. wheelchairs, walkers, support canes) and transportation options that may be utilized by children and adults with disabilities.
4. Demonstrate knowledge of appropriate methods and materials for the adaptation of independent living skills by individuals who are blind or visually impaired with additional disabilities.
5. Identify appropriate resources and referrals for services to children and adults who are blind or visually impaired with additional disabilities.
15. Research
1. Demonstrate knowledge of the basic language and concepts of research.
2. Demonstrate the ability to understand and evaluate research studies.
3. Demonstrate the ability to obtain and apply research findings to best and promising rehabilitation practices for individuals who are blind or visually impaired.
4. Demonstrate the ability to formulate an hypothesis in order to explore the feasibility of needed research.
5. Demonstrate knowledge of ethical considerations in research.
6. Demonstrate knowledge of contemporary research issues and needs in education, adaptive technology, and rehabilitation.
16. Orientation and Mobility
1. Select, design and implement a sequential instructional program to familiarize a blind or visually impaired learner with indoor orientation and basic mobility skills.
1. Basic orientation techniques.
2. Human Guide techniques.
3. Self-protective techniques.
4. Independent indoor movement.
5. Systematic search patterns.
6. Seating techniques.
7. Room familiarization.
8. Sensory development techniques.
2. Identification of appropriate orientation and mobility resources.
3. Knowledge of guide dog programs, including an understanding of federal/state regulations surrounding their use.
4. Referral for evaluation to a Certified Orientation and Mobility Specialist.